Nordic inventions: Patents for the paper clip

The paper clip is a Nordic invention with a patent history that reflects innovation in design and function. But what makes the story even more fascinating is how the paper clip evolved from an invention that changed office management to becoming a symbol of unity and connection.

In this blog post, we explore the patent history of the paper clip's invention, the evolution of its design, the contributions of its inventors, and the valuable lessons it offers in intellectual property management.

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Early attempts at paper fastening
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Before the modern paper clip was invented, people used various methods to fasten papers, such as sewing, string, and pins. 

In 1867, Samuel B. Fay was granted one of the first patents related to paper fastening (US Patent 64,088). His invention was initially intended to attach tickets to fabric but could also be used to hold papers together. 

While Fay’s design wasn’t a perfect solution, it marked the beginning of a series of innovations aimed at solving the paper-fixing problem.

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Johan Vaaler’s invention and patent
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The story of paper-fastening inventions continues with the contributions of Norwegian inventor Johan Vaaler. In 1899, Vaaler designed his own version of a paper clip to address the same problem of binding papers without damaging them. He filed a patent for his design in Germany in 1899 and later in the United States in 1901 (US Patent 675,761).

Vaaler’s paper clip, however, differed from the design we know today. It lacked the inner loop, which made it less efficient at holding papers together compared to today's popular version. 

Although his version didn’t achieve commercial success, Vaaler’s efforts remain part of the history of Nordic innovation as the first inventor who received a patent on paper clip design.

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A symbol of Norwegian pride
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During World War II, the paper clip took on a new significance in Norway. Norwegians, under Nazi occupation, wore paper clips on their clothing as a symbol of unity and resistance. This was inspired by Johan Vaaler, who patented the paper clip, and it became an emblem of national pride and resilience in Norway, adding a unique cultural layer to its history.

In recognition of this legacy, a 7-meter paper clip statue was installed in the town of Sandvika, near Oslo, in honor of Johan Vaaler. Although Vaaler's design wasn't the most widely used, the statue stands as a tribute to his invention and symbolizes the paper clip's role in the country's history.

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The rise of the gem clip
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In 1899, William Middlebrook, an American inventor, received the patent (US Patent 636,272) for a machine designed to mass-produce paper clips. Although Middlebrook didn’t patent the clip design itself, his contribution played a significant role in making paper clips an office staple. His machine could produce the Gem-style clips in large quantities, helping establish their widespread use.

He later sold the patent to Cushman & Denison, an American office supply company, which trademarked the Gem Clip in 1904.

The Gem clip became the standard not just because of its efficiency but also because of its open access; since it wasn’t patented, manufacturers around the world were free to produce.

This example underscores the importance of not only securing patents but also managing them effectively. For patentees, ensuring that their intellectual property is protected and renewed on time is critical to maintaining control over their inventions and maximizing their commercial potential.

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Learn more about other Nordic innovations, different intellectual property types and IP related news and statistics by exploring our blog.